Prognostic value of the expression and localization of cell proliferation and apoptosis markers in unicystic ameloblastomas.

The aim of this study was to verify whether the expression of cell proliferation and apoptosis markers in different types of unicystic ameloblastoma (UA) is associated with the location of neoplastic cells. Immunohistochemical study with a sample of 32 cases of UA, 11 cases of conventional ameloblastoma (CAM) and ten dental follicles (DF) cases was performed. Cell proliferation was assessed using Ki-67 status, and apoptosis by caspase-3 expression. Mural UA (MUA) showed a higher immunostaining of Ki-67 (p < 0.05) and a lower immunostaining of Caspase-3 (p < 0.05) compared with luminal and intraluminal subtypes of UA and CAM. The neoplastic cells of the MUA's cystic capsule showed a higher expression of Ki-67 protein (p < 0.0001) and a lower expression of Caspase-3 (p < 0.0001) compared with the lumen. DF showed lower Ki-67 and Caspase-3 immunostaining (p < 0.05) than neoplasms. The higher immunoexpression of Ki-67 and the lower immunoexpression of Caspase-3 in MUA, in the parenchyma cells within the cystic capsule, suggest an association between the biological behaviour and location of neoplastic cells in a tumour.

What is the effect of lactoferrin on oral and jawbone tissue repair? A systematic review.

Currently, there is growing interest in the potential use of lactoferrin (LTF), a member of the transferrin family, for the improvement of tissue healing. In this sense, a literature search was conducted to integrate data published on the effect of LTF on jawbone repair. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, LILACS, and Cochrane databases were retrieved according to the PRISMA 2020 statement. Articles in English, Spanish, and Portuguese were recovered, with no year restriction. In vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies were selected. A total of 742 articles were retrieved, 11 of which met the inclusion criteria (5 in vitro and 5 in vivo studies, and one clinical trial). The included data demonstrated wide variations in study design and LTF therapy protocols. Cell proliferation and viability were the primary outcomes evaluated in the in vitro studies, all of which reported a potential effect of LTF on the repair process. Of three in vivo studies, one reported a reduction in the overall healing rate, whereas the other two showed that LTF inhibited bone resorption and increased bone formation. The clinical trial's findings showed that LTF is a potential promoter of wound repair in patients with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws. Overall, data from the studies support a potential effect of LTF therapy on the process of jawbone repair.

Oral melanoacanthoma: Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of a case series and a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: This study presents a case series and scoping review of oral melanoacanthoma to examine its clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical characteristics. METHODS: Nine cases of oral melanoacanthoma were included in the case series. Clinical data were collected from biopsy charts. Hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemistry for TRP2, CD3, and CD20 were done. For the scoping review, MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched. RESULTS: Case series: The mean age was 46.8 years (female-to-male ratio 2:1). Lesion's mean size was 11.0 mm (±9.3). Lesions were mainly macular (77.8%) with brown or black coloration (88.9%) and often affected multiple sites (44.4%). The evolution time ranged from 15 days to 96 months. Lesions commonly showed epithelial acanthosis (66.7%), spongiosis (55.6%), exocytosis (77.8%), melanin incontinence (88.9%), and inflammatory infiltrate in the lamina propria (77.8%), from which all showed lymphocytes. TRP2-positive melanocytes were identified in the basal and spinous layer of all cases, and in the superficial layer of three cases. CD3-positive cells predominate over the CD20-positive. Scoping review: 85 cases of oral melanoacanthoma were retrieved from 55 studies. Patients were primarily female (female-to-male ratio 2.2:1), black-skinned (64.1%), with a mean age of 36.13 (± 17.24). Lesions were flat (81.9%), often brown (62.4%). Buccal mucosa was the preferred site (32.9%), followed by multiple sites (28.2%). CONCLUSION: Oral melanoacanthoma mainly affects women across a wide age range, with lesions commonly appearing as brown/black macules, particularly on the buccal mucosa. TRP2-positive melanocytes and T-lymphocytes were consistently found and could participate in oral melanoacanthoma pathogenesis.

Clinicopathological Features of Metastasis to the Oral and Maxillofacial Region-Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the clinicopathological features of metastases in the oral and maxillofacial regions. METHODS: In this retrospective study, biopsy records were obtained from referral centers for oral and maxillofacial diagnosis in Brazil, Guatemala, Mexico, and South Africa. RESULTS: A total of 120 cases were evaluated. Of these, 53.78% affected female patients, with a mean age of 57.64 years. Intraosseous lesions were more frequent, particularly in the posterior region of the mandible (49.58%). Clinically, most cases presented with symptomatic swelling, with an average evolution time of 25 months. The clinical diagnostic hypothesis in most instances was that of a malignant lesion. Breast cancer was the most common primary tumor location in females, while lung origin was most common in males. In most cases, the primary cancer was an adenocarcinoma (44.73%). The follow-up period was available for 29 cases, and out of these, 20 had died due to the disease. CONCLUSION: Although this is a rare condition, clinicians should be aware that any oral lesions have the possibility of being metastatic, particularly in individuals with a previous history of cancer. The findings from this study could assist clinicians in prompt diagnosing these lesions and subsequent conducting oncologic assessments and treatment.

Acinic cell carcinoma of the oral and maxillofacial region: an international multicenter study.

The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence, clinicopathological, and prognostic features of acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) of the oral and maxillofacial region. AciCC cases were retrospectively retrieved from 11 pathology centers of three different countries. Medical records were examined to extract demographic, clinical, pathologic, and follow-up information. A total of 75 cases were included. Females (65.33%) with a mean age of 45.51 years were mostly affected. The lesions usually presented as an asymptomatic (64.28%) nodule (95.66%) in the parotid gland (70.68%). The association of two histopathological patterns was the most common finding (48.93%) and the tumors presented mainly conventional histopathological grades (86.11%). Surgical treatment was performed in the majority of the cases (59.19%). Local recurrence was observed in 20% of the informed cases, regional metastasis in 30.43%, and distant metastasis in 12.50%. The statistical analysis showed that the cases with a solid histopathological pattern (p=0.01), high-grade transformation (p=0.008), recurrence (p=0.007), and regional metastasis (p=0.03) were associated with poor survival. In conclusion, high histopathological transformation, presence of nodal metastasis, and recurrence were prognostic factors for AciCC of the oral and maxillofacial region.

Temporal trends of women with oral cavity, base of tongue and lip cancers in Brazil: An ecological study covering mortality data from 1980 to 2018.

OBJECTIVES: Obtaining robust evidence about the local mortality levels, trends and impact of oral cavity/base of tongue cancers and lip cancer, especially for women, is imperative in the fight against cancer. This descriptive retrospective ecological time-series study explored trends in oral cavity/base of tongue cancers and lip cancer mortality rates for women in Brazil from 1980 to 2018, by geographic region and anatomical location. METHODS: The crude and age-adjusted annual mortality rates were obtained by sex, anatomical location and macro-regions of Brazil. The number of deaths from oral cavity/base of tongue cancers and lip cancers in Brazil was based on official population counts and estimates. The annual percentage change was calculated based on age-adjusted rates. Data set were analysed using the Joinpoint Regression program. RESULTS: A total of 81,918 individuals died of oral cavity/base of tongue cancers and lip cancer between 1980 and 2018 in Brazil. The age-adjusted mortality rate for women was 0.47 and 0.57 per 100,000 in 1980 and 2018, respectively. The cumulative female mortality rates standardized by age were 0.01/100,000 for lip cancer and 0.5/100,000 for oral cavity and base of tongue cancers. A decrease in deaths related to oral cavity and base of tongue cancers was identified in the 1980s; however, over the last two decades, there has been an increase in the number of deaths of women with cancer at the base of tongue and neighbouring areas and on the floor of mouth. Importantly, Brazilian regions showed wide variability in trends of oral cavity, base of tongue and lip cancers rate and, in 2018, the regions with the highest rates were the Southeast, South and Northeast for both sexes and specifically for women. The North region showed the greatest recent significant upward trend. CONCLUSIONS: During the last 38 years, Brazil has shown a significant increase in the trend of the mortality rate due to oral cavity/base of tongue and lip cancers in women. Preventive strategies with control of risk factors should be strongly emphasized in order to improve the survival rates of individuals with oral cavity/base of tongue and lip cancers.

Acinic cell carcinoma of the oral and maxillofacial region: an international multicenter study

Abstract The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence, clinicopathological, and prognostic features of acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) of the oral and maxillofacial region. AciCC cases were retrospectively retrieved from 11 pathology centers of three different countries. Medical records were examined to extract demographic, clinical, pathologic, and follow-up information. A total of 75 cases were included. Females (65.33%) with a mean age of 45.51 years were mostly affected. The lesions usually presented as an asymptomatic (64.28%) nodule (95.66%) in the parotid gland (70.68%). The association of two histopathological patterns was the most common finding (48.93%) and the tumors presented mainly conventional histopathological grades (86.11%). Surgical treatment was performed in the majority of the cases (59.19%). Local recurrence was observed in 20% of the informed cases, regional metastasis in 30.43%, and distant metastasis in 12.50%. The statistical analysis showed that the cases with a solid histopathological pattern (p=0.01), high-grade transformation (p=0.008), recurrence (p=0.007), and regional metastasis (p=0.03) were associated with poor survival. In conclusion, high histopathological transformation, presence of nodal metastasis, and recurrence were prognostic factors for AciCC of the oral and maxillofacial region.

Does smoking habit affect dendritic cell expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma?

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of immature CD1a+ and mature CD83+ dendritic cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma, to compare immunoreactivity between smokers and nonsmokers, and to correlate the results with histopathological grading. In this observational study, twenty-eight paraffin-embedded biopsies of oral squamous cell carcinoma were retrospectively retrieved and submitted to immunohistochemistry for immature CD1a+ and mature CD83+. Descriptive and statistical analyses were performed. The sample consisted of 18 man (64.3%) and 10 women (35.7%), with a mean age of 64.6 years in the nonsmoker group and 53.2 years in the smoker group. The tongue (11 cases, 39.2%) was the most commonly affected anatomical site, followed by gingiva (6 cases, 21.4%). Histopathological grading revealed 7 low-grade and 7 high-grade malignancy cases in each group, and no correlation with the number of positive DCs. The number of immature CD1a+ was not significantly different between smoker and nonsmoker groups, while a lower number of mature CD83+ was detected in the smoker group (p = 0.001). Smoking changes the oral immune system and decreases the ability to activate and mature dendritic cells, which may influence the development and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Morphological and tissue-based molecular characterization of oral lesions in patients with COVID-19: A living systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: This living systematic review aims to integrate the morphological and tissue-based molecular characterization of oral lesions occurring in individuals infected by COVID-19 (OLICs). MATERIALS AND DESIGN: This study was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Ovid, Embase, and LILACS were searched to identify reports on OLICs with morphological and/or tissue-based molecular data. RESULTS: Four studies reporting five cases were included. Three patients were male, and the mean age of the individuals was 47.6 years. The most reported anatomical location was the palate (n = 4), whereas ulcers were the most frequent clinical presentation (n = 3). Histopathologically, all cases revealed cell vacuolization and exocytosis in the epithelial layer. In the mesenchymal layer, inflammatory cell infiltrate and thrombi/microvascular thrombosis were observed in three cases. Immunohistochemical reactions were performed in two cases. Both cases were negative for HHV-1, HHV-2, and CMV. One case revealed positivity for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. No other molecular tests were found for the characterization of OLIC. CONCLUSIONS: The pathological characteristics of OLICs are still unspecific. However, with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and well-documented new cases, whether OLICs are due to coinfections or has a primary origin can be determined.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public University laboratories of oral and maxillofacial pathology: A Brazilian multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the number of diagnoses of oral and maxillofacial lesions in public laboratories after one year of COVID-19 outbreak in Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. Biopsies submitted to histopathologic examination from March 2019 to February 2020 (pre-pandemic period) and from April 2020 to March 2021 (pandemic period) in nine Brazilian public oral pathology laboratories were retrieved and the number of diagnoses, types of lesion, and percentage changes during both periods were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 7389 diagnoses in the pre-pandemic period and 2728 in the pandemic era, indicating a reduction of 63.08%. The reduction was 64.23% for benign lesions and 49.48% for malignant lesions, with a 50.64% reduction in squamous cell carcinoma. The largest decreases were observed in April 2020 and January 2021. CONCLUSION: An important reduction in the diagnoses of benign and malignant lesions was noted in the Brazilian public oral pathology laboratories during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Metastasis to the oral and maxillofacial region: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this systematic review was to incorporate the information published on metastatic lesions in the in the oral and maxillofacial region into a comprehensive analysis of their demographic, clinical, and imaginological features and survival rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An electronic search was undertaken in the subsequent databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, and LILACS. All papers included were case reports or case series. Absolute and relative frequencies were obtained by descriptive analysis. Overall survival was defined by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: This systematic review identified 217 studies from 33 countries, comprising 348 cases. Male individuals were more affected (n = 199/57.68%) in the 5th to 7th decades of life. The most usual primary site was the lung in men (n = 49/14.08%) and the breast in women (n = 40/11.49%). Jawbones were affected in 183 cases (53.19%), with the posterior mandible (n = 96/66.66%) representing the preferred site. In soft tissues, the gingiva (n = 80/23.25%) was more affected. Clinical presentation was a nodular mass with or without ulceration (n = 280/85.89%). Imaginological examinations revealed radiolucent/hypodense lesions (n = 115/59.28%). The mean survival time was eight months. CONCLUSION: Despite the rare occurrence of metastatic lesions in the oral and maxillofacial region, the current systematic review offers substantial data that could assist clinicians and surgeons.

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour of the oral and maxillofacial region-A systematic review.

To integrate the available data published on malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNST) of the oral and maxillofacial region. Searches in Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus were conducted for the identification of case reports/case series in English language. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool. Outcomes were evaluated by Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier methods. A total of 306 articles were retrieved, 50 of which reporting 57 MPNST were included. The lesion showed a predilection for the mandible (n = 18/31.57%) of middle-aged adults (~40.5 years) with a male/female ratio of 1.1:1. The individuals were mostly symptomatic with a mean evolution time of 9.6 months. Surgical removal plus adjuvant therapy (especially radiotherapy) was the main approach (51.86%). Recurrence was reported in 39.62% of cases. Nodal and distant metastases were identified in 28.26% and 26.66% of cases, respectively. The 2-year cumulative survival rate was 55%. Independent predictors of poor survival were the presence of neurofibromatosis type 1 (p = 0.04) and distant metastases (p = 0.004). The diagnosis of MPNST is challenging due to the variety of its clinical and histopathological presentations. Local aggressiveness and the potential for metastases are common outcomes of this neoplasm.

Benign fibrous histiocytoma of the oral and maxillofacial region: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to carry out a systematic review of available data regarding case reports and case series of oral and maxillofacial benign fibrous histiocytoma (BFH). STUDY DESIGN: A search strategy was performed using the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EMBASE electronic databases. RESULTS: Male individuals (56.89%) were more affected, with a mean age of 34.55 ± 20 years. The buccal mucosa (20.33%) represented the most common site, with the clinical presentation of a painless (86.95%) nodule (98.03%). The clinical hypothesis of a fibroma was reported in most cases (31.57%). Radiographic presentation of intraosseous lesions showed multilocular radiolucent images (55.55%). Regarding the histopathologic features, the biphasic population of fibroblastic and histiocytic cells was seen in 21 cases (39.62%), and a spindle-shaped fibroblastic cell population organized into a storiform pattern was observed in 25 cases (47.16%). CD68 (n = 26) and vimentin (n = 25) showed immunoreactivity in all BFH cases in which they were used. All cases were treated with a surgical resection, and 8.10% recurred. CONCLUSIONS: The current systematic review demonstrated that BFH represents a rare lesion that mainly affects the buccal mucosa of male individuals, and the treatment is mainly surgical with a good prognosis.

Does smoking habit affect dendritic cell expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma?

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the presence of immature CD1a+ and mature CD83+ dendritic cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma, to compare immunoreactivity between smokers and nonsmokers, and to correlate the results with histopathological grading. In this observational study, twenty-eight paraffin-embedded biopsies of oral squamous cell carcinoma were retrospectively retrieved and submitted to immunohistochemistry for immature CD1a+ and mature CD83+. Descriptive and statistical analyses were performed. The sample consisted of 18 man (64.3%) and 10 women (35.7%), with a mean age of 64.6 years in the nonsmoker group and 53.2 years in the smoker group. The tongue (11 cases, 39.2%) was the most commonly affected anatomical site, followed by gingiva (6 cases, 21.4%). Histopathological grading revealed 7 low-grade and 7 high-grade malignancy cases in each group, and no correlation with the number of positive DCs. The number of immature CD1a+ was not significantly different between smoker and nonsmoker groups, while a lower number of mature CD83+ was detected in the smoker group (p = 0.001). Smoking changes the oral immune system and decreases the ability to activate and mature dendritic cells, which may influence the development and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Differential diagnoses of solitary and multiple pigmented lesions of the oral mucosa: Evaluation of 905 specimens submitted to histopathological examination.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to analyze the frequency, clinical and demographic features of solitary and multiple/diffuse oral pigmented lesions submitted to histopathological examination, and to summarize the features that guide the clinical differential diagnosis. METHODS: Clinical and demographic data were retrieved from biopsy records and descriptive statistics were performed. RESULTS: Nine hundred and five (0.51%) oral pigmented lesions were retrieved among 177 356 specimens, being 95.9% solitary and 4.1% multiple/diffuse lesions. Regardless the overlapping clinical presentation, age, site, association with amalgam restoration, and a nodular appearance may help in the clinical differential diagnosis of solitary oral pigmentations. Patient's habits, site, and systemic signs and symptoms are helpful in the clinical differential diagnosis of multiple/diffuse lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Oral pigmented lesions are a rare diagnosis in oral pathology and solitary lesions are more commonly submitted to biopsy. Some key features help in the differential diagnosis, though biopsy can be warranted in doubtful cases.

Central odontogenic fibroma: an international multicentric study of 62 cases.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to report the clinicopathologic features of 62 cases of central odontogenic fibroma (COdF). STUDY DESIGN: Clinical and radiographic data were collected from the records of 13 oral pathology laboratories. All cases were microscopically reviewed, considering the current World Health Organization classification of tumors and were classified according to histopathologic features. RESULTS: There were 43 females and 19 males (average age 33.9 years; range 8-63 years). Clinically, COdF lesions appeared as asymptomatic swellings, occurring similarly in the maxilla (n = 33) and the mandible (n = 29); 9 cases exhibited palatal depression. Imaging revealed well-defined, interradicular unilocular (n = 27), and multilocular (n = 12) radiolucencies, with displacement of contiguous teeth (55%) and root resorption (46.4%). Microscopically, classic features of epithelial-rich (n = 33), amyloid (n = 10), associated giant cell lesion (n = 7), ossifying (n = 6), epithelial-poor (n = 3), and granular cell (n = 3) variants were seen. Langerhans cells were highlighted by CD1a staining in 17 cases. Most patients underwent conservative surgical treatments, with 1 patient experiencing recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the largest clinicopathologic study of COdF. Most cases appeared as locally aggressive lesions located in tooth-bearing areas in middle-aged women. Inactive-appearing odontogenic epithelium is usually observed within a fibrous/fibromyxoid stroma, occasionally exhibiting amyloid deposits, multinucleated giant cells, or granular cells.

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia in the oral mucosa and jawbones: A collaborative study of 20 cases and a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia is an unusual vascular lesion characterized by the proliferation of endothelial cells. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and general features of this lesion. METHODS: Biopsy records of three oral pathology services were reviewed for intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia cases from 1959 to 2020. In addition, a systematic review of case reports and case series was carried out in eight electronic databases. RESULTS: Of the 65 205 retrieved cases, 20 (0.03%) were diagnosed as intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia. Mean patient age was 46.55 years, and females (12 cases/60%) were more affected. The lower lip (9 cases/47.36%) was the most commonly affected site, and the lesions were generally asymptomatic (7 cases/63.63%). Clinically, 90% of the lesions presented (18 cases) as a nodule, with a mean size of 1.13 cm. The clinical diagnostic hypotheses most frequently raised were mucocele (6 cases/37.50%) and hemangioma (5 cases/31.25%). An excisional biopsy was chosen in all cases for treatment. Forty-nine studies of the systematic review were included, yielding 105 cases. The literature showed similarity in all variables. CONCLUSION: Despite the uncommon frequency, clinicians and oral pathologists should familiarize themselves with the similarities between intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia and some other lesions in terms of clinical and histological features.